List of My Books - Mind in Society - the first entry

I have added a new list on the right hand page of my blog, called 'list of my books'.

This is my first entry. This book called Mind in Society is based upon the works of Vygotsky and covers his concept of the Zone of Proximal Development.

Vygotsky described the zone of proximal development as:
“…the distance between the actual development level as determined by independent problem solving and the level of potential development as determined through problem solving under adult guidance or in collaboration with more capable peers” (1978: 86).

Vygotsky adds:
“an essential feature of learning is that it creates the zone of proximal development; that is, learning awakens a variety of internal developmental processes that are able to operate only when a child is interacting with people in his environment and in cooperation with his peers” (1978: 90).

Michael Cole is one of the editors for this book.

Vygotsky, L.S. (1978) Mind in Society. Harvard University Press. Cambridge MA.

What we can learn from spaghetti sauce

When I watched this video I immediately thought of all the methodologies that we use in our classrooms to teach.
Which methodology and which approach, which textbook and which syllabus, and the list could go on forever, but what struck me the most was the thought about embracing the diversity of the students we teach.
We shouldn't be looking for the perfect class, we should be looking for the perfect classes.

But as I thought about this more, I thought to myself, why do we spend so much time teaching and focusing on the perfect method when we all know there isn't one.
We need to look for the perfect methodS.

More to ponder before I write more. I think I'm going to have spaghetti tonight.

Responsibilities of a Teacher

My colleague's blog contains this clip, and I have watched it a number of times and decided to add it to my own blog.

I've seen so many teachers walk into a classroom and not even look up to see who the students are. They teach the lesson, walk out and the is no connection between the students and the teacher.

So when there is talk of students who have become unmotivated, then my question lies with the methodology or the approach of the lesson. In other words, the teacher. We have all had our fair share of 'undesirable students' but I think those are the ones who can help us become better teachers... they make us study ourselves and our methods and ultimately help us change to become more aware.
The problem lies though I think is with the teachers who don't want to change and don't want to examine their own methods, it is at those times I think that the students suffer the most.

I guess what I'm trying to say is that, it should be our philosophy as teachers to not worry so much about the content of what we are trying to teach, but instead what we want the students to learn and how best to help them learn it. It has to come from them. They sometimes can't tell us what their needs are, but if we learn more about them, we can learn more about how to help them discover who they are. I guess what I really want to say is from the video and what Sir Ken Robinson taught me, was that I think if we focus on the students' needs and get to know our students more, then we can begin to understand that they can teach us to become better teachers, so that we can help them become more prepared for the future. Their future. And if we do that, everyone wins.

Questions from Universidad de Cordoba, Monteria-Colombia

A while back, I accidentally put my V-task paper out to the xmca mailing list. I thought I was replying to one person, but it turns out that the entire xmca community received it.
I sent out a message apologizing for it's release. One reply did come, apologizing for reading it, but at the same time asking questions. Here is the exchange of e-mails that occurred between Jose David Herazo Rivera and myself.


Mr. de Boer

I am aware that your research paper was not intended for everyone in the xmca-discussion, but I have not resisted the temptation to read it. Having done so, I have a few questions I would like to ask. It is no problem if you are too busy and cannot answer at the moment.

For sometime now I have been looking for a way to implement TBL as from the very beginning of a unit sequence. usually what I have done is some pre-task work, as suggested by different authors, consisting of controlled tasks or exercises. I think the V-task might be very helpful in this sense.

1. Concerning the V-task parameter number 6: how is it possible that students decide the language they need or want if the task, to some extent, determines the language that is required?

My answer to his question:

Question 1:
The V-task parameter number 6 yes, states that the students determine the language they want or need through questions. You have a valid point in that the task in some ways determines to some extent the language required but this is not necessarily the case. As with TBL there always seems to be a central theme, having students ask each other questions etc, but with the V-task the work is individual. In some cases (and most of my students to this point have been children) the task is set so the language is less restricted, yet, as in our everyday life, if we are set out to do a task, then there is going to be some rigidity to the language involved. In this case the students made up their school schedules, which in the coursebooks they offer here in Japan, all the components of that V-task were all individual chapters focussing on one chapter a month, and through PPP.
The problem that we encounter here with TBL is that it is too vague and not specific enough in its direction. Students go home not knowing what they learned and parents also need to see steps in progress. One of the points of the paper was to show that TBL can be structured to some extent and still bring in the language needed to the lesson to satisfy the parents demands, yet, it is more real world use, the students don't get taught the material, they have to ask for it. In asking for it, we don't necessarily teach it to them, we use the classroom as the teacher, other students pitch in to assist each other and the classroom becomes a autonomous learning environment.
So yes the language required to some extent is determined, yet the student determines what components of that language they want.

For example. In a PPP environment, lets say that the lesson is to do with past tenses. So in the textbook they have the set question

Did you ..... on Saturday?
The preset vocabulary might be
bake cookies
brush the dog
watch TV
and so on.

So asking a student,
Did you brush the dog on Saturday?
the answer invariably would need to be Yes, I did or No, I didn't, since the structure of the lesson points students to those two answers.
But, many students don't have dogs, so the answer should be: I don't have a dog.

In a V-task setting though, without pairwork (that can come later) The students give me a list of 10 things they did on Saturday, then the lesson language is less restricted, but it focuses on the past tense. We all have our coffee time questions with other staff about what we did on the weekend come monday morning... how is my lesson different?
But the students need to find out what they did because they don't know it in English, they need to ask questions to get the information so they can write it down. They determine what they want to write, because it pertains to them, not to a textbook answer which may have no relevance. They may learn it from another student, when it comes time for pairwork. Hey, what did you do on Saturday? to complete the task.

2. We are usually tempted to believe that the creation and occurrence of ZPDs in the EFL class is a very complicated and complex event, and we feel kind of frustrated when we see that the act of giving help in spelling a word, like in your example, is accounted for as interaction within the zoe, or scaffolded interaction. What's your opinion about this? Do you have examples of other assisted or scaffolded performance that have occurred in your lessons?

My answer to his question:

Question 2:
Good question and valid.Yet, in this instance, the students are in the early stages of 'learning how to learn' and knowing how to get information is one of them. Learning how to ask for information here in Japan is a big step for some students. Its a very Confucius type society in its teaching methods. Students don't ask, and then certainly don't ask each other.
Yet in asking for spelling, there are a number of factors involved.
1. They may not have the confidence to spell the entire word, so instead of checking, they ask. My role would be to determine how much they know and to help them from there. So if they ask for spelling and it requires scaffolding then I will proceed in that direction. I have included an article in this mail which shows how scaffolding might help in the V-task, based on the levels of scaffolding that may be required from the teacher. These are valid scaffolding parameters as well. Now I must make it clear that the scaffolding and the zone which is discussed in my paper is still in its preliminary stages.

My main reason for writing this paper was to find a link between TBL and Vygotsky. In my initial research, there was no link, since TBL didn't take into account any Vygotskian type thinking at all. Which is why I revised the definition of TBL to bring in Vygotsky. You can't change Vygotsky, but you can change TBL. So by revising TBL, I was able to come up with a method (V-task) which seemed to satisfy the requirements of TBL and Vygotsky. Yet very importantly provide a learning environment which made students autonomous learners.

In my essay I cited Ohta: In the V-task, developing learner autonomy is a key issue and ‘increasing autonomy is evidence of increasing internalization’ (Ohta 2001: 74). Even something as simple as asking for spelling, which in my case with children is a very big part (EFL) and a necessary step for later on.

3. In the lessons you present students it is very clear the negotiation of meaning, or negotiated dialogue, as Swain calls it. have you tried this type of task in more complex settings where the task product is not linguistic?

My answer to his question:

Question 3.
Yes I have tried this in more complex settings. Initially, when I started this research I chose a lesson where the students used a set of components (called SciTek) similar to Lego, but much bigger and more centered around technology. The lesson was to work together to gather the inventory and using the V-task parameters (at that time the parameters of the V-task were not yet defined, but well on their way) were to build whatever they were building. In my case they built a car and an airplane. So they had to negotiate for parts, determine which parts they needed, what they looked like, etc and the final product was the car. The language used was free - but in this collaborative learning environment, simple phrases that one student knew, were passed onto other students.

I recently did a talk on this same concept in Sapporo in Japan and I'm due for a talk on this in November at the JALT national conference in Tokyo. I still use SciTek, but SciTek doesn't need to be used. The concept is what defines the task, what you choose to use to teach this kind of task is up to the teacher.

4. TBL has been criticized on the grounds that the communicative performance that occurs through it does not necessarily lead to acquisition. HOw does the V-task seem to overcome this critique?.

My answer to his question:

Question 4
TBL in an EFL setting is not effective as it stands. Yes, it teaches the students real world use of the language, but still, its focus on pairwork and figuring out something in pairs really doesn't help in the EFL setting, especially since there really is no target in a TBL lesson. Students still haven't been taught how to ask the questions they need to ask to understand what they are doing. TBL focuses too much on the use of real English, which understandably in an ESL setting might be ideal.
But TBL also assists in the development of the interlanguage, which in my setting is very important and necessary. PPP teaches structures but there is not allowance for interlanguage. TBL focusses on interlanguage, yet there is no structure and the students may not see the short term benefits after they have walked out of the lesson. The V-task, having a little more structure, yet focussing on interlanguage gives the students something to 'get' and as I mentioned, it gives the students the necessary skills for learning how to access the language they need. As stated above --- ‘increasing autonomy is evidence of increasing internalization’ (Ohta 2001: 74).

In Japan, this kind of lesson would be ideal, since still in many classrooms, PPP is widely used, and students don't learn really how to communicate. They learn set phrases, yet when they go to a different country, they haven't got the confidence to ask questions or speak the language because PPP is so rigid in its method, that anything outside of the set phrase taught to them is considered to be incorrect. The teacher focuses on the set phrase, and not the negotiated meaning. Pairwork also has its good points and bad points, but in the V-task it is not required, since the idea is for the students to get the language they want. In pairwork it is just the automatic gamesay of asking questions and answering them. The V-task goes beyond that, saying if you need information to complete the task, then learn how to ask for it and in doing so learn how it works. So to answer your question, TBL doesn't focus on the language that the student wants or needs at that particular moment. But in the V-task, the language that they want or need, needs to be accessed to complete the task, but the objective is not the final product, it is the language needed to get to the final product. In TBL, the focus is on the final product. Hence the acquisition rate is potentially higher for the V-task since the gap created using the V-task is a learning gap, not a task.

Please, there is no need to apologize to me about reading the article. Thank you so much for your questions. I hope I have answered them for you. This paper is due to be published in TESOL this year, in a TBL series they are producing. My dissertation is still a little ways away, but this will be the focus of my dissertation.

And in any future correspondence, please call me Mark!

I would finally like to apologize for having commented on a paper that was not intended for me to read.

Kind regards,

JOSE DAVID HERAZO RIVERA
Universidad de Cordoba
Monteria-Colombia

The V-task discourse analysis

Currently, I am working on my module 4 essay for the University of Birmingham. My question is to do with the discourse analysis of a class, using Sinclair and Coulthard's Model. My transcriptions are done and I'm ready to start typing and analysing.

The discourse to do with a traditional classroom setting much outlined in Sinclair and Coulthard's model are pretty straight forward. The teacher asks a question, the student responds to the question and the teacher acknowledges the response. But the classroom lesson I have chosen to analyse is a lesson based on the V-task parameters.

I have found that to analyse my lesson based on their model is virtually impossible. For the following reasons, I'm running into panic state!

I virtually have no IRF exchanges. I don't ask my class questions, and if I do, it isn't for the purpose of extracting information. The students themselves ask questions to access the language they need and in most cases, as even outlined in Kumaravadivelu's book Beyond Methods, my role as a teacher is to make sure there are learning opportunities made for each student in the classroom based on their needs. So if a student asks me a question, more often than not, another student will answer, or I will redirect the question back to the class to create a more dynamic learning environment.
In my classroom discourse, with 5 people present (myself and 4 students) there are at least 2 conversations going on simultaneously. Students asking students, or students asking me with me redirecting. My role of a teacher now has become one of not teaching, but creating learning opportunities and opportunities for sharing.

My students have been studying plural forms. Their job was to design their own zoo, labeling all the animals and designing a layout for the zoo. They were to go home and draw the animals later.
Why I did this lesson;
1. I wanted them to create a zoo, based on the animals they wanted to put into the zoo. One of the students actually labeled his zoo 'My dangerous zoo' since he had a good variety of the more 'dangerous' animals.
2. I wanted the students to interact in the classroom, not go home and look up animals and write them out at home. I wanted them to share ideas, a student struggling to come up with animals for his/her own zoo, might get ideas from other students during interaction. The term for moment to moment learning in the classroom is microgenesis which from the interaction happening here, was happening.
3. I wanted the drawing to be done at home - why? so the students would have to remember the animals they wrote. One student wrote 'dolphins' and when he got home he couldn't read it. So he had to look it up again, in order to draw the picture of the dolphins. Reinforcement of the lesson.
4. The students needed to use plurals to create the zoo. A popular question from me was 'do you only have one monkey in your zoo?' with students realizing that -s needed to be added.
5. The variety of plural forms were addressed, adding an -s or an -es, and although this never came up, some animals the addition of -s or -es is sometimes not enough... wolf - wolves, sheep -sheep, but this was not important for this lesson,.
6. The most important part of this lesson that I need to point out, was every student was so excited about creating their zoo that they forgot about the English. Although they needed to use English to create the zoo and they needed to write, ask, converse, share ideas and so forth to come up with 10 animals for their zoo, they were more intent on creating a zoo that was their zoo, with the animals that they liked and wanted to use.

So with the lesson done and now transcribed (it really is a mess and I have no idea how to analyze it) I look back and watch the video, listen to the voices of the children and realize with a tear in my eye that these students really had a good lesson.

I wanted to name my essay 'V-task discourse analysis' but under the guidelines from the University of Birmingham, I cannot reference my previous essays and my previous essay was all on the parameters of the V-task and its workings. So I will call it something else and panic for the next two weeks on what to write.

Overall though, this kind of discourse analysis is useful for learning what actually happens in the classroom and discovering things we can do as teachers to change our roles to make learning in the classroom more student-centered and more enjoyable!

Mike Cole

I've been part of the xmca mailing list for the past few months and have encountered many e-mails from Mike Cole. His web site can be found under the links on the right of this page.

Not too long ago I was interested in what someone had to say about my research, and Mike being the 'main' on the xmca list, he seemed to be the best choice. He had encouraged me to 'not be the newbie' on the list but instead to add my thoughts and my comments on my own research. My initial posts were commented on by others and my thoughts were shot down by one or two, which left me wondering what the heck I was really doing. Mike was kind enough to look at my paper on the V-task and comment. Although the list for the most part is a little too esoteric for me, witnessing the communications between some of the greatest minds has been an experience in the least.
The amount of contributions Mike has made to the world of psychology and the world involving Vygotsky is astounding. His CV is 21 pages. I'm very embarrased to have asked him to read my paper. I simply hadn't done my homework to find out who the man was behind this xmca mailing list.
But putting that all aside, his warm nature, his vitality and support on the list has been inspiring and I look forward to many more discussions!
His link will lead you to many web sites, so I encourage you to look around!